Posts Tagged ‘Vikings’

What constitutes ‘Britishness’ is turning out to be more complicated than many people previously believed. An innovative multidisciplinary research programme led by the University of Leicester is set to investigate its many dimensions and components.

The University is to receive a £1.37 million Research Programme Award granted by the Leverhulme Trust, over five years, to carry out a major study on The Impact of Diasporas on the Making of Britain: Evidence, Memories, Inventions. This wide-ranging project will investigate the impact of the movement of people in the distant past on the cultural, linguistic and population history of the British Isles. It will also examine the influence of ancient diasporas – remembered or suppressed, perhaps exaggerated or even invented – on the construction of British identities, past and present.

Dr Joanna Story of the School of Historical Studies will direct the programme, alongside experts from Leicester’s world-class Department of Genetics, the School of Archaeology and Ancient History, The School of English, The Centre for English Local History, and the School of Management, as well as the Institute for Name-Studies at the University of Nottingham.

The basic population history of Britain, and the cultural and genetic roots of the historical nations of the island – the Welsh, Scots and English – are contentious subjects. Traditional interpretations have held that different groups of people – Celts, Angles, Saxons and Vikings – migrated in large numbers to the British Isles before AD1000 and that each migrant group contributed to the ‘blood’, language and culture of the ‘native’ communities.

However, many established assumptions are being challenged and re-examined by historians and archaeologists, now in collaboration with geneticists armed with new techniques for DNA analysis. Recent research has begun to suggest more complex origins for the British peoples.

The Impact of Diasporas on the Making of Britain: evidence, memories, inventions is a programme of six interdisciplinary projects that will result in a greater understanding of the mechanisms of cultural change and the legacies of early, proto-historic diasporas on the population history of Britain. Key to the programme is the cross-disciplinary nature of the project, which will encourage a fresh look at old evidence and will question popular perceptions about the roots of the British in the light of new data.

Joanna Story commented: ‘History plays such an important role in modern perceptions of what it means to be British – and it was equally important 1000 years ago. This is a fantastic opportunity to reassess assumptions that have become embedded in popular culture and to test our longstanding academic theories with new evidence and methods’.

Professor Douglas Tallack, Pro-Vice-Chancellor for the College of Arts, Humanities and Law, added: ‘The University of Leicester is extraordinarily well placed to study the impact of deep-time diasporas on British identity, and to bring the latest research methodologies to bear on a subject of continuing interest, not least to those in the East Midlands who have come from elsewhere but play such an important part in British society. I am delighted that Dr Story and colleagues from a number of Departments have been successful in this very competitive scheme, and I should like to express my thanks to the Leverhulme Trust for its generous support.’

The Leicester Impact of Diasporas on the Making of Britain programme is driven by six linked projects:

1) Surnames and the Y-Chromosome, which will focus on the Viking genetic legacy and its impact in different regions of Britain.

2) Modelling Migration, using computer simulations to provide a virtual laboratory to model processes of genetic change.

3) Genetics & early British population history, will use existing and new datasets to illuminate British population history, looking at genetic data on modern populations and seeking and validating new genetic markers for migration and diaspora.

4) Immigration and indigenism in popular historical discourses: using ‘social remembering’ across three generations this project will examine the cultural transmission of collective memories of community origins.

5a) Dialect in Diaspora: Linguistic Variation in Early Anglo-Saxon England, will examine the impact of Anglo-Saxon and Viking diasporas on the development of early English dialects. It will look at inscriptions on early Anglo-Saxon coins and Romano-Germanic votive stones, place names and personal names and analogies with later, global diasporas.

5b) People and Places: This doctoral project will look at the widespread genetic impact of the Viking diaspora through place-names to gauge the relative level of Scandinavian linguistic influence and compare it with levels of Scandinavian ancestry in the modern population.

6) Home and Away in Early England: this project will examine aspects of the idea of home and homelands, and its opposite – exile, exclusion and foreignness – in Anglo-Saxon England, the construction of a shared past on Anglo-Saxon identities and the importance of a sense of place and community.

Source: University of Leicester


Last week, we reviewed a book entitled “Eadric the Grasper: Sons of Mercia Vol. I”.  I had the pleasure of interviewing author Jayden Woods about her upcoming book, background, and future novels.

Jayden graduated from the University of Southern California’s Writing for Screen and Television program and lived Los Angeles for five years before deciding to leave Hollywood and become an author.

“Eadric the Grasper” is her first book set in tumultuous 11th century England. It’s a fast paced historical fiction novel based on the life of Eadric Streona, often considered one of the worst villains in English history. This book tells a different side to his story. It will be released on Amazon.com on October 5th.

For more information about Jayden Woods and her work , please visit her website: http://www.jaydenwoods.com/

1.) You graduated from USC in screen and television writing; what made you decide to leave this career and pursue writing novels? Were you disenchanted with the Hollywood “scene”?

Before I pursued my degree of Writing for Screen and Television, I already wrote novels. But I also dabbled in some artwork and musical composition. I wanted to combine all my skills and make my stories come fully to life on the screen. And what better way to accomplish that than to go to arguably the best film school there is, USC in Los Angeles?

I lived in Los Angeles for five years in all. I met a great deal of successful people in the business. I received a fantastic education. I made short films, interned with a production company, and worked as a writers’ assistant on a primetime TV show (“Numb3rs”). I even got commissioned at one point to write a feature script for a production company (though it will probably never get made). In a lot of people’s eyes, I was really on my way to success.

But indeed, I became “disenchanted.” I saw that most blockbuster scripts went through so many people and revisions before production that they often became warped into something else by the end. I also saw that most of the people who found success did so by devoting years upon years of their life to miserable assistant jobs and/or by social networking. As for the first task, I found it self-defeating. If I put all my energy into a lousy job (and I am talking about jobs in which someone may literally work 60-80 hours in one week), I wouldn’t have the time or passion to write. As for social networking, I must confess, that has never been my strong suit. I’m an introvert, for goodness sakes! And I’m certainly not the only artist with that challenge. But to make a long story short, I felt as if I needed to turn over my entire life, and even change my personality, in order to get where I wanted in Hollywood. And I simply wasn’t willing to do that.

I haven’t lost my dream of bringing my stories to the big screen. In fact, I now think that starting by publishing a book may be the best way to achieve that. Popular books are a “safe” product for studios to invest in, and the writer’s original work is guaranteed respect, because it already has a fan-base. But even if it never comes to that, I am so happy writing novels and soon sharing them with the world.

2.) What interests you in this particular period of the Middle Ages? Will you be expanding into other areas of the Middles Ages for future books?

What intrigued me about the early Middle Ages, or Dark Ages, is that so little is known about them. As an artist, this allowed me to step into the genre of historical fiction and bring my somewhat rampant imagination along with me. During the Viking Age in particular, the Vikings burned valuable items and manuscripts left and right, items which otherwise might have preserved history. So it remains an especially mysterious time. I wanted to be able to use known facts as a plot-base but still have enough freedom to craft my own story. So the first book begins in 1002, and the next two books follow two subsequent generations, concluding a few years after the Norman Conquest.

3.) What drew you to Eadric’s story?

Interestingly enough, I already had a story I wanted to write long before I stumbled upon Eadric Streona’s wikipedia page. You can say my inspiration came from two major sources: the intriguing history of Eadric Streona and my life-long love of the 80’s TV version of “The Scarlet Pimpernel.” Sir Percy Blakeney was one of my childhood heroes. What does this have to do with Eadric Streona? When I finally read Baroness Orczy’s book, I was rather disappointed by the simplicity of some of the characters, but most especially by Percy’s wife, Marguerite. I wanted to write a story about a man with the skill and charm to achieve whatever he wanted, though sometimes what he wanted was not necessarily “good.” I also wanted him to play off someone equally strong, but dogmatic and self-righteous to a fault. I already had a light plot drafted out incorporating Vikings and Anglo-Saxons when I found Eadric Streona, and it was as if a light shone down from heaven. He was the man I needed to write about, and everything else fell into place from there.

4.) Eadric has been vilified in historical treatises; William of Malmesbury described Eadric as, “The refuse of mankind and a reproach unto the English” ; what made you decide to reform this view of Eadric?

I am fascinated by the way society views “heroes,” and also why history remembers some figures more favorably than others. To me, it seems that Eadric was vilified because he lacked what one might call patriotism, or at least loyalty to a single king’s bloodline. He switched sides. He changed his mind. He wasn’t dogmatic. I find this especially interesting from a modern perspective, now that open-mindedness is more often embraced. Eadric certainly killed a few individuals, but he also prevented a major battle from taking place, and in that way saved hundreds of lives. His actions eventually brought England and Scandinavia together under a single king (at least for a little while). So should we vilify him while glorifying the people who wanted the wars to keep going indefinitely? After two-hundred something years of Viking attacks, what were the Anglo-Saxons still fighting for but an incompetent king? I do not want to turn Eadric into a hero, for he certainly wasn’t that. But I want people to question their definition of one.

5.) What sources did you use in your research? How long did it take to do research for this book?

Because Eadric Streona is so often described as a despicable man, sometimes without explanation, I wanted to start with the source texts and go from there: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles by Florence of Worcester, the Chronicles of the Kings of England by William of Malmesbury, and so on. I tried to draw my own conclusions from those sources (at least as far as the characters and their personalities) before moving on to more recent compositions. I went on to read many other great texts from historians like Edward Freeman, James Henry Ramsay, James Campbell, and others, so that I could combine old knowledge with the new. I spent a few weeks researching vigorously before starting the book, and continued to deepen my research as I worked.

6.) What are your upcoming projects? The Eadric novel is part of a larger series entitled, “The Sons of Mercia”, what can we expect from upcoming novels in the series?

The next volume is “Godric the Kingslayer,” the story of Eadric’s bastard son, Godric. Godric is fictional, but many of the events in the book are not. Canute the Great is a prominent character of Volume 2. Godric wishes to kill King Canute and avenge his father’s death—a goal that comes to consume his entire life. His quest begins as a righteous one, but he watches himself become his own worst enemy, and eventually he must change his ways or tear his own world apart.

The third volume (which is the one I’m writing now) follows another descendant of Eadric Streona, Edric the Wild. Edric is more of a typical protagonist: charming, kind-hearted, and full of good deeds. He is a man who will later inspire the legendary tales of Robin Hood. He seeks to rise up against William the Conqueror and the Norman takeover—even if his battle becomes a losing one.

I see the entire trilogy as an exploration of what makes a hero, what makes a villain, and why we perceive certain men or women as such. Whenever I write, I like to turn black and white into as many other shades as possible. My villains tend to have good traits and intentions; my “heroes” tend to be seriously flawed.

7.) Can you tell us a bit more about your other series, “The Lost Tales of Mercia” and when it will be available to your readers?

“The Lost Tales of Mercia” are already available to readers free and online. As I write this interview, eight of the ten short stories have already been released, and the last two will be out by the time “Eadric the Grasper” releases. “The Lost Tales of Mercia” introduce minor and major characters from the novel and expose details from their lives that are not fully revealed in the book. The novel and the short stories strongly complement each other, but I wrote the book first. You can certainly read “Eadric the Grasper” alone; you will simply be a step ahead of other readers if you’ve read the Lost Tales. On the flip-side, you may finish reading “Eadric the Grasper” first and then wish to dive deeper into one of the characters’ lives; the Lost Tales allow you to do so.

The stories are available on my blog, http://talesofmercia.wordpress.com, and many other ebook distribution channels across the web. I also plan to release a printed version very soon, and people who prefer a physical book will be able to purchase one on Amazon. Otherwise, enjoy them for free online!

We would like to thank Jayden for taking the time to answer our questions ~ Peter & Sandra

Fact or folklore: the Viking attack on London Bridge

By Jan Ragnar Hagland and Bruce Watson

London Archaeologist, Vol.10:12 (2005)

Introduction: One of the most dramatic events in London’s history is the Viking attack, led by Óláfr (or Olaf) Haraldsson on London Bridge. However, as it is not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, some historians doubt it took place. Brooke summed up the problem of the historical authenticity of the attack thus: “How much of this vivid scene belongs to the age of St Olaf, how much to imagination playing on the old wooden bridge in its last days at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, is a nice question. What is certain is that Æthelred returned, and that in the confused campaigns which followed London remained the key to his power; it is equally certain that St Olaf’s memory was kept alive in London by the dedication of six churches to him, one, in Southwark, very close to the bridge he is supposed to have pulled down”.

We wish to reexamine the historical context and date of this alleged attack in the light of new research. Also we wish to reconsider the work of the poet or skáld, Ottarr the Black, who was the first person to describe this event. Clark recently reviewed the linguistic origins of the London Bridge nursery rhyme, debunking the popularly held belief that it enshrines an English folk memory of the Viking attack.

Click here to read/download this article (PDF file)

Eadric the Grasper- Sons of Mercia vol. 1

By Jayden Woods

Publisher: Create Space

Release: October 5th, 2010

Eadric the Grasper is a historical novel set in the beginning of the 11th century. It follows the life of Eadric, a former swineherd from Mercia who due to a chance meeting, becomes an important figure, and villain in 11th century medieval history. The books begins with Eadric working as a churl for Wulfric and the Dane, Lord Bram. While running an errand for his Lord, he comes across a crying boy. Eadric’s advice to the young man lands him an audience with King Ethelred and changes his life forever.

The book follows Eadric through his life beside the King as an advisor, and watches Eadric grow in prosperity and power. The book details his battles, journey’s, and controversial political decisions as he tries to ensure peace for his home of Engla-lond by any means necessary (the author uses the name “Engla-lond” for England throughout the book).

Eadric was vilified in historical treatises and Woods attempts to portray his story in a different light by casting him as a unwilling villain who is just trying to make peace with the Vikings invading his homeland while battling his nemesis, The Golden Cross. Eadric was a true historical figure of the 11th century and regarded as the greatest traitor of Anglo-Saxon history. William of Malmesbury once described Eadric as, “the refuse of mankind and a reproach unto the English”. He was of non-noble birth and advanced to the high status of an ealdorman of the Saxon Mercians by obtaining the favour of King Ethelred the Unready. In 1007, he also married Ethelred’s daughter, Eadgyth, further ensuring his rise in status. In the fight for England between the Anglo-Saxons  and the Danes, Eadric was a traitor. He supported the payment of the Danegeld, persisted in preventing Ethelred from launching an attack on the Danes in 1009, and deserted Edmund II of England to defect to the side of Canute and the Danes. Canute had Eadric slain on Christmas in 1017.  Eadric’s head was said to have been placed on London Bridge and his body thrown into the Thames.

The book is an easy read and flows rather well. Eadric’s character is likable even though his actions may be deplorable at certain points. Eadric is a villain who is hard to hate because you can understand the necessity of his decisions, despite their consequences. His constant political maneuvering and personal relationship turmoil make the book an interesting read. I was never bored and looked forward to reading it.

My only other comment about the book is that it reads more like a fantasy novel than historical fiction. The cover art enhances this feeling. It has a fantasy novel feel and pace to it and while that may not be a detriment to me, as I read fantasy novels and enjoy the genre, it may be bothersome to some readers expecting a higher level of writing. It is simplistic, but good in that Woods explains roles and terms while telling her story without detracting from it.

Woods book is a great first novel. It’s fiction that doesn’t read as heavy historical fiction and it certainly isn’t dry and bogged down by too many details. I enjoyed this novel and look forward to the second book in the series. Eadric the Grasper will be released on October 5th, 2010.

Click here to visit the author’s website

The 13th Warrior, starring Antonio Banderas, was released in 1999. It was based on the novel Eaters of the Dead, by Michael Crichton.  The film follows a group of Viking warriors, accompanied by an Arab ambassador, as they defend a village from a mysterious foe. The movie is considered a Hollywood flop, having cost an estimated $100 million more than was made in theatres. It took two years longer to complete, had to undergo a series of re-editing and eventually was finished under the direction of Michael Crichton.

Official Synopsis: The story of Ibn Fahdlan, a refined Arab courtier, representative of the powerful Caliph of Baghdad, who encounters a band of Viking warriors on their journey to barbaric North. The Northmen coerce him into joining them when they are summoned to fight the monsters of the mist.

Surrounded by the frightening and ferocious foe, Ibn must conquer his personal fears and help battle the illusive invaders — who emerge out of the mist in the black of night to slaughter the Vikings and devour their flesh.

Before the dawn of the second millennium (922 A.D.), the city of Baghdad is the center of highest civilization. Within its cultured protection, young Ahmed Ibn Fahdlan enjoys the privileges of a prominent position until he succumbs to a politically dangerous relationship with a beautiful young woman. Sent away as an appointed emissary to a distant land, Ibn is traveling by caravan with his mentor and manservant, Melchisidek , when he meets a band of warriors.

Ibn is appalled by Viking customs — the wanton sexuality of their pale, angular women, their disregard for cleanliness, and their cold-blooded human sacrifices. Regardless of his feelings towards them, an old soothsayer whom the Vikings call the angel of death, cast the bones and warns the band that they will fail unless they are accompanied on their journey by a 13th warrior and one who is not from the North.

Herger to Ibn: “Buliwyf is called by the gods to leave this place and swiftly, putting behind him all his cares and concerns, to act as a hero to repel the menace of the North. This is fitting, and he must also take eleven warriors with him. And so, also, must he take you.”

Branded as the foreigner they need to succeed, Ibn is enlisted as they set out on their conquest by land and sea to Venden, the land of King Hrothgar.

Led by the enigmatic and courageous Buliwyf, the warriors include Herger the Joyous whose love of women is only exceeded by his love of fighting. Herger becomes Ibn’s most frequent tormentor, and his closest ally, as he travels with the group that also includes Helfdane the Large, Roneth the Horseman, Rethel the Archer, Skeld the Superstitious, Weath the Musician, Edgtho the Silent, Halga the Wise, Hyglak the Quarrelsome, Haltaf the Boy and Ragnar the Dour.

Arriving at the warriors’ northern homeland ruled by the elderly King Hrothgar, Ibn discovers that the King and his young wife, Queen Weilew, and Hrothgar’s treacherous son Wigliff, have been unable to stop their enemy’s rampage.

Links

Review from Reelviews.net – “The movie is a lavish spectacle and does an excellent job of creating atmosphere and establishing an involving scenario.”

Review from About.com Medieval History – “As an action-adventure it was fun; as a representation of 10th-century Scandinavia, it left something to be desired.”

Review from Medieval Studies Program, University of Oregon – “The Thirteenth Warrior is not the most thought provoking of films, but it is fun. It captures something of the gloom and grandeur of the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf, even as it reshapes it anew.”

Michael Crichton, Ibn Fadlan, Fantasy Cinema: Beowulf at the Movies – by Hugh Magennis, Old English Newsletter

Beyond Historical Accuracy: A Postmodern View of Movies and Medievalism – by A. Keith Kelly, Perspicuitas

Videos

Last week the government of Canada marked the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the Viking remains at the L’Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland. The national historic and World Heritage site was discovered by Helge and Anne Stine Instad, and their guide, local fisherman George Decker, in 1960.

Celebrations were held on July 21st at the community of L’anse aux Meadows. Descendants of Helge and Anne Stine Ingstad and George Decker then led an expedition across the barrens of L’Anse aux Meadows to the Norse archaeological site, retracing the steps of their families 50 years ago. The group was then joined by invited guests, community members and an enthusiastic group of visitors to officially commemorate the discovery on-site.

“I am pleased to be here today to celebrate 50 years of the discovery of L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site,” said Parks Canada’s Chief Executive Officer, Alan Latourelle, to those gathered for the occasion at the national historic site. “Together with the Ingstad and Decker families, I am proud to share the unique story of this UNESCO World Heritage Site with Canadians and visitors from around the world, and to celebrate the stories, cultures and peoples who have made this site a world-class destination.”

The day-long celebration also included a reunion of Parks Canada and Ingstad staff from the past 50 years, who reminisced about early days at the site, and culminated in a public beach fire.

On July 21, 1960, George Decker guided Ingstad to a grassy field, telling Ingstad he believed it had been an Indian burial ground. Ingstad quickly knew that the shape of the mounds found at the site were the remains of Viking buildings, and with his archeologist wife Anne Stine began to search the area. Archaeological research grew during the 1970s, and eventually the remains of eight buildings were located.

Anniversary celebrations for this discovery began in May, when Parks Canada’s Viking enactors from L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site travelled to the provincial capital of St.John’s, visiting schools, feasting at an anniversary luncheon, performing at the Folk Arts Society’s Folk Night and providing a day-long encampment program on the lawn of The Rooms provincial museum. The actual site itself has also seen new work completed, including a rehabilitated trail, refurbished sod hut and rejuvenated outdoor exhibits.

Please see our special section on L’Anse aux Meadows for more information

Source: Parks Canada

The Baltic and the Black Sea in Medieval Trade

By Marian Malowist

Baltic and Scandinavian Countries, Vol.3 (1937)

Introduction: The object of this paper is to give a short outline of the history of Black Sea and Baltic trade during the Middle Ages, and to examine the reciprocal action of these two important historical phenomena. Considerations of space exclude the possibility of making an exhaustive study of the enormous complex of problems connected with the subject, and hence no attempt will be made to deal with matters which do not appear to be of primary importance.

There is already a very copious literature dealing with the history of trade on the Baltic. The outstanding works are those of Daenelle, Schafer and Rorig, but there are many other German, Dutch and Scandinavian writers whose works merit attention. Amongst the Polish writers on the subject, Kutrzeba, Widajewicz, Wachowski and Koczy have done much to extend our knowledge of the history of Baltic commerce. The literature on Black Sea trade is hardly less extensive: W. Heyd’s works are probably the most important, but much valuable information is also given in the writings of F. Bruun, Manfroni, C. Bratianu and Canale. The periodical publications Atti della Societa Ligure di Storia Patria of Genoa, and Zapiski Odeskago, Obshestva, Istorii i Drevnostiei (Records of the Historical and Antiquarian Society of Odessa) likewise contain material of great interest. A certain amount has been written concerning the Black Sea by Polish authors, but economic history has so far receivecd little attention. Kutrzeba’s Handel Krakowa z Wschodem (Cracow’s trade with the East), and the writings of Dabrowski, Kolankowski, Halecki, Charewicz and Gorka are among the more important works on this subject.

Click here to read/download this article (PDF file)

Valhalla Rising
Starring Mads Mikkelsen and Maarten Stevenson
Made in Denmark in 2009, being released in North America and Europe in 2010

Synopsis: Mute slave Harald escapes his Scottish masters with the help of 10 year old Are, torturing and killing them before joining a band of dispossessed Vikings. They go to sea, determined to return to Scandinavia to fight the spread of Christianity, but for Harald the journey is also a personal one to discover his own origins. Caught in a terrible storm, the group drift for 40 days until, on the verge of death, they find themselves in a freshwater river. The land seems at once strange yet familiar.

When they come under attack by unseen assailants, the groups’ quest for their homeland takes on a bitter urgency as one-by-one they succumb to the onslaught, dying at the hands of the invisibles. Worse, they are no clearer about where they are or if this place even exists outside their imagination. Have they finally reached the new world, or Valhalla?

Meanwhile, Harald’s search for identity is compromised when ARE is captured. As the enemy reveal themselves, Harald realises he has finally found his identity but at too high a price. As Are’s life is threatened, Harald is faced with an impossible choice; save the boy or save his soul?

Videos

See also the Youtube channel valhallagirl2008, with videos of behind the scenes footage of the movie

Reviews and Articles:

Interview with Director Nicolas Refn

Nicolas Winding Refn’s Rising Star – profile and interview from IFC.com

The Guardian – Review: True to form, Danish director Nicolas Winding Refn’s movie of the middle ages is unremittingly dark – but weirdly beautiful…

NJ.com – Review:‘Valhalla Rising” has a one-eyed warrior, a fierce tribe of Norsemen and plenty of hand-to-hand, broadsword-to-broadsword combat. And it is about as close to that old Baby Boomer fave, “The Vikings,” as an existential crime thriller is to a playground game of cops and robbers…

“Valhalla Rising”: What to see instead of “Inception” – from Salon.com

Official Website

Viking Age Archaeology

By by Richard Hall
Shire Books, 2010 (first published in 1990)
ISBN:  9780747800637

Viking raids, and the subsequent Scandinavian settlements in the ninth and tenth centuries, had a major effect on many parts of Britain and Ireland. These impacts can best be seen in a wide variety of archaeological discoveries, primarily from distinctive pre-Christian burials, which contain weapons, tools, jewellery and metal, wood and bone artefacts. Written by an expert in the field of Viking and Norse archaeology, this book examines the distinctive archaeology of each phase, aspect or area of Norse impact in turn, with sufficient historical background to put the archaeological discoveries into context.

Review: Viking Age Archaeology by Richard Hall is a short guide to the impact that the Vikings had on the British Isles during the Early Middle Ages and the archaeological remains they produced. Only 64 pages, the book is meant to give readers a quick introduction to the various types of archaeological evidence, with some focus on two important Viking settlements — Dublin and York. The northern English city was, in fact, the site of a major Viking archaeological dig run by Richard Hall in the 1970s.

Hall goes over several different types of archaeological remains — art work, coins, stone carvings, runes, and the material found in hoards and graves. The book only introduces these topics, so you just get some brief remarks about what has been found and notes some places where major finds have occurred. The book ends with information on which museums in the British Isles have collections of Viking Age artefacts.

If there is one major problem with the book is that it was first published over 20 years ago, so it is somewhat out-of-date, not covering any of the interesting finds and developments from the last two decades. Also, except for the front cover all the photographs in the book are in black and white, which creates a dull look. Still, this short guide will serve as good starting point for anyone interested in this field.

The Viking Slave Trade

By Clare Downham

History Ireland,Vol. 17:3 (May/June 2009)

Introduction: The popularity of the ‘Sea Stallion of Glendalough’ as a media item and visitor attraction indicates a fairly popular perception of vikings in Ireland’s past. They can be perceived as swashbuckling adventurers, craftsmen and traders who launched a medieval version of the ‘Celtic Tiger’ economy. These views flourish alongside an older view of vikings as bloodthirsty heathens, hell bent on plunder and destruction.

The practise of slavery by vikings in Ireland can similarly be interpreted in two ways; it was a trade already well established in medieval Ireland and Britain in which Scandinavian entrepreneurs played no worse a role, or it can be argued that there was something strikingly abhorrent about the scale and nature of the vikings’ acquisition and sale of human cargo. We have a rich body of evidence for viking slavery in Ireland which can be brought into this debate.

Click here to read/download this article (PDF file)