If you had a terrible nightmare, would you see it as warning and try to change your ways? This was the question that faced William Rufus, the King of England.
At least that is the story told by Benoît de Sainte-Maure. He was a poet hired by King Henry II of England to write Chronique des ducs de Normandie, an account of Henry’s ancestors. He left behind a vivid chronicle, over 44,000 lines long, that tells the stories of rulers such as William the Conqueror and his sons.
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Near the end of his work the story turns to King William II, better known as William Rufus. He began his rule in 1087, but Benoît finds his reign to be a poor one. Here is how he assesses William’s character:
No one loved spending as much as he did, no one was more energetic and enterprising; he was the least timid of men, the least faint-hearted. His mind was, however, set on doing things that earned him universal criticism, and that no consecrated or anointed king ever needed or was ever required to do.
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This view was actually quite common among contemporary chroniclers. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, for example, states that William was “hated by almost all his people and abhorrent to God.” Benoît’s main problem with William Rufus was his treatment of the Church, and in particular his dispute with Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury. William had forced the Archbishop to leave England and go into exile.
A portrait of William II, King of England depicted in British Library Royal MS 14 B VI fol. 5r
Our story begins in early August of the year 1100, when William Rufus was staying in the city of Winchester. Gundulf, the Bishop of Rochester comes to the king and tries to persuade him to reconcile with Anselm. The English ruler, however, dismisses the plea and decides that the next day he will go hunting in the New Forest.
That night William goes to sleep and has a vivid dream. Here is how Benoît de Sainte-Maure describes it:
He dreamt he entered a huge, splendid and beautiful church; even though he felt like praying, his mind kept turning to other things. He was seized with an unbelievable hunger, and so violent and all-consuming was it that he felt as if he was growing weak and about to faint, almost to the point where he would eat his own hands. And this he would have done, had there been no alternative. His gaze then fell on the altar where he saw – or so he thought – a huge stag that had been killed. In order to avoid the great act of apostasy he was about to commit on himself, he approached the animal with the intention of eating some of it, since his one and only desire was for food. At that very moment he was stretching out his hand, he suddenly realised – and it seemed to him to be absolutely certain – that it was in fact a man’s body still bleeding from the wound that had killed him. He was seized with fear and revulsion at such a hideous sight.
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But so great was hunger, and so strong was his craving for food, that he was unable, despite every effort he could make, to prevent himself from being forced to eat some of it. He makes as if to pull off the man’s hand, but the whole of the arm comes away from the body. This he immediately devours, and then, not being satisfied, wants to seize hold of the second hand also, since his hunger had not diminished in the least. Fearful and terror stricken, he pulls it towards him, still attached to the arm, and eats it, but still his appetite is not satisfied.
His hunger grew and grew but could not be sated. Biting savagely into the bone and flesh, he eats one of the feet, then the whole of the leg right up to the body. At this he feels twice as hungry as before, so without the slightest hesitation he immediately sets about devouring the second leg as well. This, however, is to no avail, for it has little or no effect on his hunger. At this moment, the man’s face comes into view, and this also he feels an urge to eat. But the spectacle he beholds is a death-inducing one: an absolutely terrifying pair of eyes, so horrible and hideous and so excruciating to look at that all the remains is for him to die, and for his heart to cease beating in his breast.
William Rufus then awakens, and fears that he has almost died. He summons Bishop Gundulf back to him and tells him about his nightmare. The bishop responds by saying that all the elements of this dream have some kind of deeper interpretation – the church, the altar, the stag, the human he eats, they all represent acts of evil that he has committed against the Catholic Church and the people of his kingdom. Gundulf tells him this is a warning from God to mend his ways. At one point he tells his king:
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“You have no reason to feel secure; take urgent steps to mend your ways, and do not let your decision be postponed, for there is every need and necessity for you to take it soon. One piece of advice I wish to give you, one request I with to make of you in the name of God, is that today you do not, please, go hunting in the woods or go fowling. You will do well to avoid doing so, and instead the proper thing for you to do is to confess your sins, without losing a moment, to someone who can give you instruction on what is the right course of action for you.”
William Rufus listens to the bishop and agrees with him, promising to mend his ways. The bishop leaves and for a while the king remains alone thinking. However, a half-dozen or so knights soon arrive – they are the hunting party who have come to take William to the New Forest. The king tries to decline going, but as Benoît de Sainte-Maure explains, his colleagues are insistent:
Each and every one of them ribbed him, saying that they were scared he was turning into a saint, and they prayed God that he not include them in his prayers since they had so little trust in him.
“Hold on there, my lords!” William says. “I’m actually a thoroughly bad person, a hundred times worse than you think! To cut a long story short, I’m giving up going hunting today: the last thing I want to do is go into the woods, and I never want to see the forest again.”
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Everyone round him was convinced that he was joking, so they all began to put pressure on him. Each one of them speaks up, urging him to find some energy, be quick, and do what he really wants to do. So insistent are they that he ends up getting dressed and equipped and setting out with them straight to the forest.
The group soon arrived in the New Forest, and went to various spots to look for game. At one particular spot Willam and the other hunters took up positions behind various trees and waited for an animal to come to them. Benoît de Sainte-Maure writes:
When the quarry comes within range and the aim is the best possible, one particular knight is very quick off the mark and ready to shoot, and so the king instructs him to do so. The man, however, becomes apprehensive and takes fright because the king is standing very close to his line of fire. On at least two occasions, I think, he decides, with bow ready stretched, not to shoot. But King Rufus urges him to go ahead, so much so that he impulsively lets loose a barbed arrow which, with the Devil’s connivance, strikes and glances off a sturdy branch, hitting the king close to his heart.
The death of William Rufus in a 14th-century manuscript. British Library MS Royal 16 G VI f. 272
Though quite incapable of speaking, Rufus nevertheless manages to say to the knight: “Run for it! Flee, don’t lose a moment! You have killed me, and I have only myself to blame. God has taken vengeance on me here. I beg for mercy now and implore him, in his holy and precious compassion, to have pity on me this day, for I have sorely sinned against him.”
And with that King William immediately dies. The knight who shot him flees, while the other companions cry out and lament their fallen ruler. Within a few days he is buried in Winchester, and his brother Henry takes the throne of England.
This is not the only version of William’s death, as other chroniclers have added other details – for example, the knight who shot William was a nobleman named Walter Tirel. Some historians have speculated that the King’s death was not an accident, but rather an assassination, carried out under the orders of Henry, who was also in the hunting party. In the end all of we can really say is that King William Rufus died in a very unusual way and Benoît de Sainte-Maure provides a good tale of how one should repent and avoid sin, as you never know when fortune will strike you down.
A stone known as the “Rufus Stone”, near the village of Minstead, is claimed to mark the spot where William Rufus was killed. The idea that this was the spot of the accident only emerged in the 17th century. Photo by Adem Djemil / Wikimedia Commons
Benoît de Sainte-Maure’s work, Chronique des ducs de Normandie, has been partially translated by Ian Short in Three Anglo-Norman Kings: The Lives of William the Conqueror and Sons. It has just been published by the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies – click here to learn more about the book. You can also buy it on Amazon.com.
Top Image: Death of William Rufus, lithograph by Alphonse de Neuville, 1895
If you had a terrible nightmare, would you see it as warning and try to change your ways? This was the question that faced William Rufus, the King of England.
At least that is the story told by Benoît de Sainte-Maure. He was a poet hired by King Henry II of England to write Chronique des ducs de Normandie, an account of Henry’s ancestors. He left behind a vivid chronicle, over 44,000 lines long, that tells the stories of rulers such as William the Conqueror and his sons.
Near the end of his work the story turns to King William II, better known as William Rufus. He began his rule in 1087, but Benoît finds his reign to be a poor one. Here is how he assesses William’s character:
No one loved spending as much as he did, no one was more energetic and enterprising; he was the least timid of men, the least faint-hearted. His mind was, however, set on doing things that earned him universal criticism, and that no consecrated or anointed king ever needed or was ever required to do.
This view was actually quite common among contemporary chroniclers. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, for example, states that William was “hated by almost all his people and abhorrent to God.” Benoît’s main problem with William Rufus was his treatment of the Church, and in particular his dispute with Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury. William had forced the Archbishop to leave England and go into exile.
Our story begins in early August of the year 1100, when William Rufus was staying in the city of Winchester. Gundulf, the Bishop of Rochester comes to the king and tries to persuade him to reconcile with Anselm. The English ruler, however, dismisses the plea and decides that the next day he will go hunting in the New Forest.
That night William goes to sleep and has a vivid dream. Here is how Benoît de Sainte-Maure describes it:
He dreamt he entered a huge, splendid and beautiful church; even though he felt like praying, his mind kept turning to other things. He was seized with an unbelievable hunger, and so violent and all-consuming was it that he felt as if he was growing weak and about to faint, almost to the point where he would eat his own hands. And this he would have done, had there been no alternative. His gaze then fell on the altar where he saw – or so he thought – a huge stag that had been killed. In order to avoid the great act of apostasy he was about to commit on himself, he approached the animal with the intention of eating some of it, since his one and only desire was for food. At that very moment he was stretching out his hand, he suddenly realised – and it seemed to him to be absolutely certain – that it was in fact a man’s body still bleeding from the wound that had killed him. He was seized with fear and revulsion at such a hideous sight.
But so great was hunger, and so strong was his craving for food, that he was unable, despite every effort he could make, to prevent himself from being forced to eat some of it. He makes as if to pull off the man’s hand, but the whole of the arm comes away from the body. This he immediately devours, and then, not being satisfied, wants to seize hold of the second hand also, since his hunger had not diminished in the least. Fearful and terror stricken, he pulls it towards him, still attached to the arm, and eats it, but still his appetite is not satisfied.
His hunger grew and grew but could not be sated. Biting savagely into the bone and flesh, he eats one of the feet, then the whole of the leg right up to the body. At this he feels twice as hungry as before, so without the slightest hesitation he immediately sets about devouring the second leg as well. This, however, is to no avail, for it has little or no effect on his hunger. At this moment, the man’s face comes into view, and this also he feels an urge to eat. But the spectacle he beholds is a death-inducing one: an absolutely terrifying pair of eyes, so horrible and hideous and so excruciating to look at that all the remains is for him to die, and for his heart to cease beating in his breast.
William Rufus then awakens, and fears that he has almost died. He summons Bishop Gundulf back to him and tells him about his nightmare. The bishop responds by saying that all the elements of this dream have some kind of deeper interpretation – the church, the altar, the stag, the human he eats, they all represent acts of evil that he has committed against the Catholic Church and the people of his kingdom. Gundulf tells him this is a warning from God to mend his ways. At one point he tells his king:
“You have no reason to feel secure; take urgent steps to mend your ways, and do not let your decision be postponed, for there is every need and necessity for you to take it soon. One piece of advice I wish to give you, one request I with to make of you in the name of God, is that today you do not, please, go hunting in the woods or go fowling. You will do well to avoid doing so, and instead the proper thing for you to do is to confess your sins, without losing a moment, to someone who can give you instruction on what is the right course of action for you.”
William Rufus listens to the bishop and agrees with him, promising to mend his ways. The bishop leaves and for a while the king remains alone thinking. However, a half-dozen or so knights soon arrive – they are the hunting party who have come to take William to the New Forest. The king tries to decline going, but as Benoît de Sainte-Maure explains, his colleagues are insistent:
Each and every one of them ribbed him, saying that they were scared he was turning into a saint, and they prayed God that he not include them in his prayers since they had so little trust in him.
“Hold on there, my lords!” William says. “I’m actually a thoroughly bad person, a hundred times worse than you think! To cut a long story short, I’m giving up going hunting today: the last thing I want to do is go into the woods, and I never want to see the forest again.”
Everyone round him was convinced that he was joking, so they all began to put pressure on him. Each one of them speaks up, urging him to find some energy, be quick, and do what he really wants to do. So insistent are they that he ends up getting dressed and equipped and setting out with them straight to the forest.
The group soon arrived in the New Forest, and went to various spots to look for game. At one particular spot Willam and the other hunters took up positions behind various trees and waited for an animal to come to them. Benoît de Sainte-Maure writes:
When the quarry comes within range and the aim is the best possible, one particular knight is very quick off the mark and ready to shoot, and so the king instructs him to do so. The man, however, becomes apprehensive and takes fright because the king is standing very close to his line of fire. On at least two occasions, I think, he decides, with bow ready stretched, not to shoot. But King Rufus urges him to go ahead, so much so that he impulsively lets loose a barbed arrow which, with the Devil’s connivance, strikes and glances off a sturdy branch, hitting the king close to his heart.
Though quite incapable of speaking, Rufus nevertheless manages to say to the knight: “Run for it! Flee, don’t lose a moment! You have killed me, and I have only myself to blame. God has taken vengeance on me here. I beg for mercy now and implore him, in his holy and precious compassion, to have pity on me this day, for I have sorely sinned against him.”
And with that King William immediately dies. The knight who shot him flees, while the other companions cry out and lament their fallen ruler. Within a few days he is buried in Winchester, and his brother Henry takes the throne of England.
This is not the only version of William’s death, as other chroniclers have added other details – for example, the knight who shot William was a nobleman named Walter Tirel. Some historians have speculated that the King’s death was not an accident, but rather an assassination, carried out under the orders of Henry, who was also in the hunting party. In the end all of we can really say is that King William Rufus died in a very unusual way and Benoît de Sainte-Maure provides a good tale of how one should repent and avoid sin, as you never know when fortune will strike you down.
Top Image: Death of William Rufus, lithograph by Alphonse de Neuville, 1895
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