Absoluimus uos uice beati petri apostolorum principis. Episcopal authority and the reconciliation of excommunicants in England and Frankia c. 900-c.1050

Medieval bishop

No mention is made of any rite being followed by Bishop Wulfstan on this occasion, but services for the reconciliation of excommunication are first recorded in the tenth and eleventh centuries.

Writing the Order: Religious-Political Discourses in Late Anglo-Saxon England

Tower of Babel - Ælfric of Eynsham

The issue of how authority was created, maintained and defined in religious terms by the written word is therefore the main concern throughout this study.

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