Where the Middle Ages Begin
The Normans between Byzantium and the Islamic World TRAVAINI, LUCIA Dumbarton Oaks Papers: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.(2001) Abstract When dealing with the subject of monetary transactions and exchanges involving the Normans of Italy, Byzantium, and the Islamic world, scholars have been cautioned to use care when discussing terms such as influence […]
PAYMENTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF FINANCE IN PRE-INDUSTRIAL EUROPE Kohn, Meir Working Paper, Department of Economics, Dartmouth College, November (2001) Abstract The principal driving force in the development of the financial system of pre-industrial Europe was not lending per se, but payments. Trade among strangers required the development of methods of payment that did not require mutual […]
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