The Crusades: A Very Brief History, 1095-1500

crusaders capture antioch - The Hague, KB, KA 20 fol. 255r

In this chapter, I trace the contours of the specific types of violent religious conflict always immanent within the historical structure of medieval war.

Halt! Who Comes There?: Locking Up Tower of London – The Ceremony of the Keys

The White Tower - The Tower of London

A review of the Tower of London’s medieval Ceremony of the Keys!

The Papacy and Christian Mercenaries of Thirteenth-Century North Africa

Condottiero drawing by Leonardo da Vinci

Could one be a good mercenary and a good Christian at the same time?

Top 10 Strange Weapons of the Middle Ages

strange medieval weapons - Edmund Ironside killed

What were some of the more unusual weapons used by medieval armies? We put together a list of the strangest weapons that were ever used (or even designed) in the Middle Ages.

The First Arab Siege of Constantinople

Konstantinos Kaldis - View of Constantinople - 1851

The details of the siege remain, however, shrouded in mystery: its exact dates (670–7 or 674–8?) and length (4 or 7 years?) are a matter of controversy; it is disputed whether the Arabs subjected Constantinople to a regular siege or only to a naval blockade; and the overall logic of events is far from clear.

Cannonball from Wars of the Roses battle discovered

Battle of Northampton cannonball  - photo courtesy  The Battlefields Trust

A lead ball, believed to be the oldest cannonball ever found in England, has been discovered on the site of the Battle of Northampton.

The Pre-History of Gunpowder

An illustration of a fire arrow rocket launcher as depicted in the 11th century book Wujing Zongyao.

There is a Chinese tradition that a cook carrying a bowl of saltpetre slipped and dropped it onto a charcoal fire. That would certainly create a considerable conflagration but, as the ingredients were not mixed, hardly an explosion.

Mons Meg removed from Edinburgh Castle for conservation work

mons meg

Mons Meg, one of the most famous weapons of the Middle Ages, was removed from Edinburgh Castle last month for specialist restoration and conservation work.

Saltpetre in medieval gunpowder: Calcium or Potassium Nitrate?

medieval cannon

Until recently, it has been accepted that the formulation of gunpowder has always been based on variable mixtures of charcoal, sulphur and potassium nitrate. This has recently been challenged.

Which Epic Battle Would You Have Fought In?

Death of Harold Godwinson in the Battle of Hastings

Cannae, Hastings or Waterloo – some of the great battles of history. After answering these five questions, you will learn what would have been your fight.

Owain Glyndwr and the siege of Coity Castle, 1404-1405

coity castle - photo by Ben Salter / Flickr

The siege of Coity was indeed significant for its length and its importance, and it was indeed historic, because it is the most famous event associated with the castle in the entire 900 years of its existence. Yet we know very little about the siege and the circumstances surrounding it, even though it lasted for a good part of two years

Booty in Border Warfare

Battle of Neville's Cross from a 15th-century Froissart manuscript

Nothing is more revealing in this universal itch to ravage and to spoil than the traces we find in the sources of rules for the sharing of the plunder.

Which Deadly Warrior Are You?

Which Deadly Warrior Are You?

Throughout the ages, civilizations have risen and fallen on the backs of elite fighters. Which legendary sect do you belong to?

War on the Waterways: Maritime Conflict in the Viking Age in the North Sea Region

viking ship

The ubiquitous Viking warship is perhaps the most high-profile symbol of early medieval Scandinavians.

Through Trial and Error: Learning and Adaptation in the English Tactical System from Bannockburn to Poitiers

Battle of poitiers

During the late thirteenth century and early fourteenth century, the English in medieval Europe fought in two wars: the Scottish Wars of Independence followed by the Hundred Years War.

Medieval Warfare Magazine – Volume V Issue 1

cover_mw_v-1

The latest issue of Medieval Warfare Magazine explores Traitors in the Middle Ages.

Amazing archery shots based on historical research

Lars Andersen archery - PHOTO CREDIT: LARS ANDERSEN

By making use of ancient and medieval sources, Lars Andersen is revealing techniques lost for centuries and showing off some incredible archery shots.

The Impalings of Vlad the Impaler

Impalings of Vlad the Impaler

One of the most infamous chararacters from the Middle Ages was Vlad III Dracula, the prince of Wallachia. Here is the story of how he gained the name of ‘the Impaler’.

Medieval Rules for Jousting

medieval rules for jousting

Here is a set of rules for jousting created by Alfonso XI, King of Castile, in 1330.

Surrender in Medieval Europe – An Indirect Approach

surrendering a city

Some of the most fundamental developments in the history of war in this part of the world took place towards the end of these seven centuries: the discontinuance of the ancient practice of enslaving prisoners, the emergence of an effective notion of non-combatant status and the growth of the practice of ransom – all developments relevant to the still unwritten history of surrender.

Vital Factors in the Success of the Vikings

911 Viking invasion of Normandy

Viking raids in Western Europe met with an easy success which is rather astonishing.

The Ultimate Military Entrepreneur

Albrecht von Wallenstein

With profit his only aim, Count Albrecht von Wallenstein successfully combined the profession of business and the art of war during the early seventeenth century.

War-Winning Weapons? On the Decisiveness of Ottoman Firearms from the Siege of Constantinople (1453) to the Battle of Mohács (1526)

siege of constantinople

How important a role did gunpowder weapons play in these Ottoman victories? The following re-examination of selected sieges and battles attempts to answer this question.

London at War: The City of London’s Involvement in Warfare from 1330-1400

Tower of london - photo by Julie Gibson / Flickr

This dissertation will discuss this military organisation, firstly in respect to the troops London was required to raise, how many, and where these men were sent.

‘In the hilt is fame’: resonances of medieval swords and sword-lore in J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings

The shards of Narsil in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. Note that in the book, it is broken into only two pieces.

This paper seeks to illuminate resonances of medieval swords and sword-lore in Tolkien’s The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, where swords and the lore associated with them play important, if largely neglected, roles.

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