Posts Tagged ‘Anglo-Saxon’

What constitutes ‘Britishness’ is turning out to be more complicated than many people previously believed. An innovative multidisciplinary research programme led by the University of Leicester is set to investigate its many dimensions and components.

The University is to receive a £1.37 million Research Programme Award granted by the Leverhulme Trust, over five years, to carry out a major study on The Impact of Diasporas on the Making of Britain: Evidence, Memories, Inventions. This wide-ranging project will investigate the impact of the movement of people in the distant past on the cultural, linguistic and population history of the British Isles. It will also examine the influence of ancient diasporas – remembered or suppressed, perhaps exaggerated or even invented – on the construction of British identities, past and present.

Dr Joanna Story of the School of Historical Studies will direct the programme, alongside experts from Leicester’s world-class Department of Genetics, the School of Archaeology and Ancient History, The School of English, The Centre for English Local History, and the School of Management, as well as the Institute for Name-Studies at the University of Nottingham.

The basic population history of Britain, and the cultural and genetic roots of the historical nations of the island – the Welsh, Scots and English – are contentious subjects. Traditional interpretations have held that different groups of people – Celts, Angles, Saxons and Vikings – migrated in large numbers to the British Isles before AD1000 and that each migrant group contributed to the ‘blood’, language and culture of the ‘native’ communities.

However, many established assumptions are being challenged and re-examined by historians and archaeologists, now in collaboration with geneticists armed with new techniques for DNA analysis. Recent research has begun to suggest more complex origins for the British peoples.

The Impact of Diasporas on the Making of Britain: evidence, memories, inventions is a programme of six interdisciplinary projects that will result in a greater understanding of the mechanisms of cultural change and the legacies of early, proto-historic diasporas on the population history of Britain. Key to the programme is the cross-disciplinary nature of the project, which will encourage a fresh look at old evidence and will question popular perceptions about the roots of the British in the light of new data.

Joanna Story commented: ‘History plays such an important role in modern perceptions of what it means to be British – and it was equally important 1000 years ago. This is a fantastic opportunity to reassess assumptions that have become embedded in popular culture and to test our longstanding academic theories with new evidence and methods’.

Professor Douglas Tallack, Pro-Vice-Chancellor for the College of Arts, Humanities and Law, added: ‘The University of Leicester is extraordinarily well placed to study the impact of deep-time diasporas on British identity, and to bring the latest research methodologies to bear on a subject of continuing interest, not least to those in the East Midlands who have come from elsewhere but play such an important part in British society. I am delighted that Dr Story and colleagues from a number of Departments have been successful in this very competitive scheme, and I should like to express my thanks to the Leverhulme Trust for its generous support.’

The Leicester Impact of Diasporas on the Making of Britain programme is driven by six linked projects:

1) Surnames and the Y-Chromosome, which will focus on the Viking genetic legacy and its impact in different regions of Britain.

2) Modelling Migration, using computer simulations to provide a virtual laboratory to model processes of genetic change.

3) Genetics & early British population history, will use existing and new datasets to illuminate British population history, looking at genetic data on modern populations and seeking and validating new genetic markers for migration and diaspora.

4) Immigration and indigenism in popular historical discourses: using ‘social remembering’ across three generations this project will examine the cultural transmission of collective memories of community origins.

5a) Dialect in Diaspora: Linguistic Variation in Early Anglo-Saxon England, will examine the impact of Anglo-Saxon and Viking diasporas on the development of early English dialects. It will look at inscriptions on early Anglo-Saxon coins and Romano-Germanic votive stones, place names and personal names and analogies with later, global diasporas.

5b) People and Places: This doctoral project will look at the widespread genetic impact of the Viking diaspora through place-names to gauge the relative level of Scandinavian linguistic influence and compare it with levels of Scandinavian ancestry in the modern population.

6) Home and Away in Early England: this project will examine aspects of the idea of home and homelands, and its opposite – exile, exclusion and foreignness – in Anglo-Saxon England, the construction of a shared past on Anglo-Saxon identities and the importance of a sense of place and community.

Source: University of Leicester


Last week, we reviewed a book entitled “Eadric the Grasper: Sons of Mercia Vol. I”.  I had the pleasure of interviewing author Jayden Woods about her upcoming book, background, and future novels.

Jayden graduated from the University of Southern California’s Writing for Screen and Television program and lived Los Angeles for five years before deciding to leave Hollywood and become an author.

“Eadric the Grasper” is her first book set in tumultuous 11th century England. It’s a fast paced historical fiction novel based on the life of Eadric Streona, often considered one of the worst villains in English history. This book tells a different side to his story. It will be released on Amazon.com on October 5th.

For more information about Jayden Woods and her work , please visit her website: http://www.jaydenwoods.com/

1.) You graduated from USC in screen and television writing; what made you decide to leave this career and pursue writing novels? Were you disenchanted with the Hollywood “scene”?

Before I pursued my degree of Writing for Screen and Television, I already wrote novels. But I also dabbled in some artwork and musical composition. I wanted to combine all my skills and make my stories come fully to life on the screen. And what better way to accomplish that than to go to arguably the best film school there is, USC in Los Angeles?

I lived in Los Angeles for five years in all. I met a great deal of successful people in the business. I received a fantastic education. I made short films, interned with a production company, and worked as a writers’ assistant on a primetime TV show (“Numb3rs”). I even got commissioned at one point to write a feature script for a production company (though it will probably never get made). In a lot of people’s eyes, I was really on my way to success.

But indeed, I became “disenchanted.” I saw that most blockbuster scripts went through so many people and revisions before production that they often became warped into something else by the end. I also saw that most of the people who found success did so by devoting years upon years of their life to miserable assistant jobs and/or by social networking. As for the first task, I found it self-defeating. If I put all my energy into a lousy job (and I am talking about jobs in which someone may literally work 60-80 hours in one week), I wouldn’t have the time or passion to write. As for social networking, I must confess, that has never been my strong suit. I’m an introvert, for goodness sakes! And I’m certainly not the only artist with that challenge. But to make a long story short, I felt as if I needed to turn over my entire life, and even change my personality, in order to get where I wanted in Hollywood. And I simply wasn’t willing to do that.

I haven’t lost my dream of bringing my stories to the big screen. In fact, I now think that starting by publishing a book may be the best way to achieve that. Popular books are a “safe” product for studios to invest in, and the writer’s original work is guaranteed respect, because it already has a fan-base. But even if it never comes to that, I am so happy writing novels and soon sharing them with the world.

2.) What interests you in this particular period of the Middle Ages? Will you be expanding into other areas of the Middles Ages for future books?

What intrigued me about the early Middle Ages, or Dark Ages, is that so little is known about them. As an artist, this allowed me to step into the genre of historical fiction and bring my somewhat rampant imagination along with me. During the Viking Age in particular, the Vikings burned valuable items and manuscripts left and right, items which otherwise might have preserved history. So it remains an especially mysterious time. I wanted to be able to use known facts as a plot-base but still have enough freedom to craft my own story. So the first book begins in 1002, and the next two books follow two subsequent generations, concluding a few years after the Norman Conquest.

3.) What drew you to Eadric’s story?

Interestingly enough, I already had a story I wanted to write long before I stumbled upon Eadric Streona’s wikipedia page. You can say my inspiration came from two major sources: the intriguing history of Eadric Streona and my life-long love of the 80’s TV version of “The Scarlet Pimpernel.” Sir Percy Blakeney was one of my childhood heroes. What does this have to do with Eadric Streona? When I finally read Baroness Orczy’s book, I was rather disappointed by the simplicity of some of the characters, but most especially by Percy’s wife, Marguerite. I wanted to write a story about a man with the skill and charm to achieve whatever he wanted, though sometimes what he wanted was not necessarily “good.” I also wanted him to play off someone equally strong, but dogmatic and self-righteous to a fault. I already had a light plot drafted out incorporating Vikings and Anglo-Saxons when I found Eadric Streona, and it was as if a light shone down from heaven. He was the man I needed to write about, and everything else fell into place from there.

4.) Eadric has been vilified in historical treatises; William of Malmesbury described Eadric as, “The refuse of mankind and a reproach unto the English” ; what made you decide to reform this view of Eadric?

I am fascinated by the way society views “heroes,” and also why history remembers some figures more favorably than others. To me, it seems that Eadric was vilified because he lacked what one might call patriotism, or at least loyalty to a single king’s bloodline. He switched sides. He changed his mind. He wasn’t dogmatic. I find this especially interesting from a modern perspective, now that open-mindedness is more often embraced. Eadric certainly killed a few individuals, but he also prevented a major battle from taking place, and in that way saved hundreds of lives. His actions eventually brought England and Scandinavia together under a single king (at least for a little while). So should we vilify him while glorifying the people who wanted the wars to keep going indefinitely? After two-hundred something years of Viking attacks, what were the Anglo-Saxons still fighting for but an incompetent king? I do not want to turn Eadric into a hero, for he certainly wasn’t that. But I want people to question their definition of one.

5.) What sources did you use in your research? How long did it take to do research for this book?

Because Eadric Streona is so often described as a despicable man, sometimes without explanation, I wanted to start with the source texts and go from there: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles by Florence of Worcester, the Chronicles of the Kings of England by William of Malmesbury, and so on. I tried to draw my own conclusions from those sources (at least as far as the characters and their personalities) before moving on to more recent compositions. I went on to read many other great texts from historians like Edward Freeman, James Henry Ramsay, James Campbell, and others, so that I could combine old knowledge with the new. I spent a few weeks researching vigorously before starting the book, and continued to deepen my research as I worked.

6.) What are your upcoming projects? The Eadric novel is part of a larger series entitled, “The Sons of Mercia”, what can we expect from upcoming novels in the series?

The next volume is “Godric the Kingslayer,” the story of Eadric’s bastard son, Godric. Godric is fictional, but many of the events in the book are not. Canute the Great is a prominent character of Volume 2. Godric wishes to kill King Canute and avenge his father’s death—a goal that comes to consume his entire life. His quest begins as a righteous one, but he watches himself become his own worst enemy, and eventually he must change his ways or tear his own world apart.

The third volume (which is the one I’m writing now) follows another descendant of Eadric Streona, Edric the Wild. Edric is more of a typical protagonist: charming, kind-hearted, and full of good deeds. He is a man who will later inspire the legendary tales of Robin Hood. He seeks to rise up against William the Conqueror and the Norman takeover—even if his battle becomes a losing one.

I see the entire trilogy as an exploration of what makes a hero, what makes a villain, and why we perceive certain men or women as such. Whenever I write, I like to turn black and white into as many other shades as possible. My villains tend to have good traits and intentions; my “heroes” tend to be seriously flawed.

7.) Can you tell us a bit more about your other series, “The Lost Tales of Mercia” and when it will be available to your readers?

“The Lost Tales of Mercia” are already available to readers free and online. As I write this interview, eight of the ten short stories have already been released, and the last two will be out by the time “Eadric the Grasper” releases. “The Lost Tales of Mercia” introduce minor and major characters from the novel and expose details from their lives that are not fully revealed in the book. The novel and the short stories strongly complement each other, but I wrote the book first. You can certainly read “Eadric the Grasper” alone; you will simply be a step ahead of other readers if you’ve read the Lost Tales. On the flip-side, you may finish reading “Eadric the Grasper” first and then wish to dive deeper into one of the characters’ lives; the Lost Tales allow you to do so.

The stories are available on my blog, http://talesofmercia.wordpress.com, and many other ebook distribution channels across the web. I also plan to release a printed version very soon, and people who prefer a physical book will be able to purchase one on Amazon. Otherwise, enjoy them for free online!

We would like to thank Jayden for taking the time to answer our questions ~ Peter & Sandra

Britain After Rome: The Fall and Rise, 400 to 1070

By Robin Fleming

Penguin/Allen Lane, 2010
ISBN: 9780713990645

The extraordinary discovery last year of some 1,500 pieces of Anglo-Saxon gold in a Staffordshire field has galvanised interest in a mysterious, remote time in this country’s history.

In Britain After Rome Robin Fleming writes about the people of early medieval Britain and the communities in which they lived. It’s a narrative history, in which the story it tells is driven not by such famous individuals as King Offa and Æthelred the Unready, but by the lives of the hundreds and thousands of nameless people who lived and died alongside them.

The written sources for these centuries are poor, but the archaeology, using the most cutting-edge technology, is fascinating, allowing us to know so much more about our ancestors than could have been imagined even ten years ago.

“Texts deal almost exclusively with kings and churchmen,” writes Fleming in the introduction, “and they report on these people’s world from their own very specific and particular points of view … The discoveries unearthed by archaeologists in the past thirty years are profoundly transformative, not least because they are so often at odds with our texts.”

Britain After Rome brings together a lifetime’s research and imaginative engagement to bring us closer than ever before to life in Britain after the departure of the Roman legions.

Click here to go to the Publisher’s Site

Eadric the Grasper- Sons of Mercia vol. 1

By Jayden Woods

Publisher: Create Space

Release: October 5th, 2010

Eadric the Grasper is a historical novel set in the beginning of the 11th century. It follows the life of Eadric, a former swineherd from Mercia who due to a chance meeting, becomes an important figure, and villain in 11th century medieval history. The books begins with Eadric working as a churl for Wulfric and the Dane, Lord Bram. While running an errand for his Lord, he comes across a crying boy. Eadric’s advice to the young man lands him an audience with King Ethelred and changes his life forever.

The book follows Eadric through his life beside the King as an advisor, and watches Eadric grow in prosperity and power. The book details his battles, journey’s, and controversial political decisions as he tries to ensure peace for his home of Engla-lond by any means necessary (the author uses the name “Engla-lond” for England throughout the book).

Eadric was vilified in historical treatises and Woods attempts to portray his story in a different light by casting him as a unwilling villain who is just trying to make peace with the Vikings invading his homeland while battling his nemesis, The Golden Cross. Eadric was a true historical figure of the 11th century and regarded as the greatest traitor of Anglo-Saxon history. William of Malmesbury once described Eadric as, “the refuse of mankind and a reproach unto the English”. He was of non-noble birth and advanced to the high status of an ealdorman of the Saxon Mercians by obtaining the favour of King Ethelred the Unready. In 1007, he also married Ethelred’s daughter, Eadgyth, further ensuring his rise in status. In the fight for England between the Anglo-Saxons  and the Danes, Eadric was a traitor. He supported the payment of the Danegeld, persisted in preventing Ethelred from launching an attack on the Danes in 1009, and deserted Edmund II of England to defect to the side of Canute and the Danes. Canute had Eadric slain on Christmas in 1017.  Eadric’s head was said to have been placed on London Bridge and his body thrown into the Thames.

The book is an easy read and flows rather well. Eadric’s character is likable even though his actions may be deplorable at certain points. Eadric is a villain who is hard to hate because you can understand the necessity of his decisions, despite their consequences. His constant political maneuvering and personal relationship turmoil make the book an interesting read. I was never bored and looked forward to reading it.

My only other comment about the book is that it reads more like a fantasy novel than historical fiction. The cover art enhances this feeling. It has a fantasy novel feel and pace to it and while that may not be a detriment to me, as I read fantasy novels and enjoy the genre, it may be bothersome to some readers expecting a higher level of writing. It is simplistic, but good in that Woods explains roles and terms while telling her story without detracting from it.

Woods book is a great first novel. It’s fiction that doesn’t read as heavy historical fiction and it certainly isn’t dry and bogged down by too many details. I enjoyed this novel and look forward to the second book in the series. Eadric the Grasper will be released on October 5th, 2010.

Click here to visit the author’s website

The First Battle for Scottish Independence: The Battle of Dunnichen, A.D. 685

By Julie Parsons

Master’s Thesis, East Tennessee State University, 2002

Abstract: This study is an examination of the historiography of the ancient-medieval texts that record events related to the Northumbrian and the Pictish royal houses in the seventh century. It was in the seventh century that the Northumbrians came to dominate most of Britain, as well as the northern inhabitants of the Island. The Picts, the Scots and the Celtic Britons fell into subjugation under the control of the expansionist Northumbrian kings and remained there for most of the seventh century. Northumbrian expansion was halted by Bridei, king of the Picts, when he put down the advancing Northumbrian forces of king Ecgfrith at the Battle of Dunnichen, also known as Nechtansmere, in the year A.D. 685. The outcome of the battle not only stopped Northumbrian expansion to the north, but began its reversal. The battle also allowed the Picts to gain back the lands they had lost to their Northumbrian enemy. For the Northumbrians, the battle had political and ecclesiastical implications that may have contributed to the later decline of their kingdom.

Through the writings of ancient-medieval sources like the Venerable Bede and Eddius Stephanus, we get a glimpse of the relationship between the Northumbrians and their northern neighbors the Picts in the seventh century. Although Englishmen wrote the majority of the primary sources, it is still possible to piece together what life must have been like for the Picts under their Northumbrian foes. Information for this study was also gathered from Irish sources, especially the annalists and chroniclers.

After careful examination of the ancient-medieval sources, coupled with the insight of modern historians and archaeologists, conclusions ascertain that the Battle of Dunnichen was important in helping to define the English-Scottish border, as it is known in modern times. It is also concluded that the battle is a significant factor concerning the permanent decline of the kingdom of Northumbria. If king Bridei and his forces had not stopped the Northumbrian domination over the Picts in 685, the Scottish kingdom, as we know it may have never existed. The impact the Battle of Dunnichen had on the Northumbrians is best summed up by Bede in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People: From this time the hopes and strength of the English kingdom began to ebb and fall away.

Click here to read/download this thesis (PDF file)

Anglian Leadership in Northumbria, 547 A.D. through 1075 A.D.

By Jean Anne Hayes

PhD Dissertation, Louisiana State University, 2005

Abstract: The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain were founded in warfare beginning in the fifth century. These kingdoms developed alongside the native Romanized Britons, who attempted to reassert their authority in Britain in the wake of the Roman withdrawal. Northumbria, located north of the Humber River, the largest and most northerly of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms played a vital role in the politics of early medieval Britain.

During the seventh century, the Northumbrian kings were recognized as the overkings of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, as well as the neighboring British and Pictish kingdoms. Over the course of several centuries, the leaders of Northumbria alternately engaged in military conflict and peace alliances with their most powerful northern neighbor, the Scots. After York fell to an invading Danish army in the ninth century, the lands of Northumberland were permanently divided along the Tees River valley into Yorkshire and Northumbria. The tenth and eleventh centuries witnessed power struggles between the earls of Northumbria and the ‘English’ kings from Wessex. While the other Anglo-Saxon ealdormen received their political appointments from the kings and worked alongside their monarchs, the earls of Northumbria alone maintained political autonomy.

Northumbria was uniquely located between the two emerging powers of Scotland and Anglo-Saxon England, yet never succumbed to either. Dedication to local Northumbrian ealdormen as earls, who exhibited strong military leadership and surprising political savvy, guaranteed Northumbria self-rule and unchanged laws until the Norman Conquest. Not until William Rufus II gained the throne of England in 1087 did Northumbria begin participating as a political and military entity within greater England.

Click here to read/download this thesis (PDF file)

Forging Links with the Past: the twelfth-century reconstruction of Anglo-Saxon Peterborough

By Avril Margaret Morris
PhD Dissertation, University of Leicester, 2006

Abstract: This thesis is a study of four early twelfth-century forgeries, comprising a house-history, two charters and a papal bull and how they were used by the monks of Peterborough to reconstruct their monastery’s pre-Conquest past. The texts survive as copies in the mid twelfth-century Peterborough cartulary known as the Liber Niger, under the rubric ‘Relatio hedde abbatis quomodo incipente christianitate in regione mediterraneorum Anglorum initiatum sit Medeshamstede monasterium et subsequentibus priuilegiis confirmatum’.

Chapter One contains a survey of the medieval sources preserved in the Peterborough archive and a review of their historiography. Chapter Two analyses the forgeries’ contents, the motives behind their production, their sources and the identity of their forger. Chapter Three discusses Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, MS E Hand l’s interpretation of the forgeries, his ethnicity, sources and understanding of his Anglo-Saxon heritage in relation to national events.

Chapter 4 assesses Hugh Candidus interpolation of the forgeries into his Chronicle, Hugh’s research and his reconstruction of Peterborough’s Anglo-Saxon past. Chapter Five explores Peterborough’s monastic boundaries prescribed in pseudo-Wulfhere’s charter of 664 and their relationship with the twelfth-century landscape. Chapter Six assesses the estates and routes of toll bestowed upon Peterborough by pseudo-Eadgar’s charter of 972 and their correlation with the prouincix. of the neighbouring fenland monasteries of Crowland, Thorney and Ramsey.

An examination of the Relatio texts in conjunction with archaeological, etymological, topographical and contemporary documentary evidence has led to the conclusion that the forgeries were probably compiled between 1109 and 1114 either by or at the instigation of Abbot EmuIf. Although the privileges conferred by the charter were fabricated to suit the early twelfth-century Peterborough’s circumstances, certain elements are based upon authentic pre-Conquest sources, which also influenced MS E Hand l’s and Hugh Candidus’ reconstructions of Peterborough’s Anglo-Saxon past.

Click here to read/download this thesis (PDF file)

Salas y Quiroga’s Anglo-Saxon England: a Psychological and Sociological Portrait of Power

By Paloma Tejada Caller

ATLANTIS. Journal of the Spanish Association of Anglo-American Studies, Vol.31.1 (2009)

Abstract: The aim of this paper is ultimately to contribute new insights from current explorations of Englishness in Spain. More specifically, a selected narrative written by Jacinto Salas y Quiroga in 1846 is carefully analysed from a cross-cultural standpoint, taking into account the ideological and discursive bases on which nations are built.

The article focuses on how Anglo-Saxon England is constructed in Salas’ book, as opposed to the image portrayed in other narratives of a similar nature, published in Spain during the nineteenth century. After the analysis of Salas’ textual, rhetorical and linguistic strategies, results show that in this original contribution, the expected Anglo-Saxons’ territorial and ethnic identity occupies only a background position, whereas the dynamic interaction of two conceptual types or characters, the powerful vs. the weak, is driven to the forefront.

Through the use of heterodox schemes Salas deviates from the Spanish common cultural and historiographic practice, and completes a powerful and novel image of Anglo-Saxons, which performs a well-defined function in mid-nineteenth century Spain.

Click here to read/download this article (PDF file)

An Oxford academic has challenged the public to help create the world’s largest archive of online material concerned with the Anglo-Saxons, after being inspired by the considerable interest shown in last year’s discovery of the Staffordshire hoard.

The Archive, called Project Woruldhord (Old English for ‘world-hoard’), is being launched this month by Dr Stuart Lee, of the University of Oxford’s English Faculty and Computing Services.

People across the world are asked to upload pictures and videos of Anglo-Saxon buildings or monuments in their area; any stories, poems, writings, art or songs they have heard or composed which relate to the period; and even audio recordings and videos of historical re-enactments.

Dr Stuart Lee, Project Leader, said: ‘With the discovery of the Staffordshire hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold last year, the amount of interest the public expressed in the discovery was striking and it has raised a lot of questions about our understanding of the period.

‘The project aims to build on this interest, and asks the public to help us to collect our own hoard of Anglo-Saxon objects and material inspired by them, bringing together in one place material which will be useful and interesting to many, but so far known only by a few.

‘The archive will be the first mass observation that has ever been done on the period, and will be of use to historians, English literature students, archaeologists, art historians, and the general public.’

Dr Lee added: ‘The study of the Anglo-Saxons is the study of the birth of England, and we hope the success of this archive will improve study into this fascinating period, as well as provide a range of interesting material for researchers, teachers, and the public to use for free.

‘My hope is that the archive will become a valuable free teaching resource for schools across the world, to encourage them to teach about the Anglo-Saxons in ways which are exciting and interesting to children.

‘We think it’s only fitting that the closing date for submissions will be 14 October, which marks the Battle of Hastings and the end of Anglo-Saxon rule.’

The archive will compile information and resources which relate to the period between the c. 5th and 11-12th Centuries: a period which included famous figures such as Alfred the Great, Harold Godwinson, and notable poems such as Beowulf.

The project was made possible by the success of Oxford’s Great War Archive, which received 6,500 objects from the public.

The archive can be accessed at projects.oucs.ox.ac.uk/woruldhord

For more information please contact the University of Oxford Press Office on 01865 270046 or email woruldhord@ox.ac.uk.

Source: Project Woruldhord

Pristina libertas: liberty and the Anglo-Saxons revisited

By Julia Crick

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol.14 (2004)

Abstract: The association between liberty and the Anglo-Saxons has been rendered mythical by later retellings, both in the Middle Ages and afterwards. This later history notwithstanding, it is argued here that liberty occupied a significant place in the early English documentary record.

Originally part of the cultural and linguistic inheritance from late antiquity, the notion of liberty was deployed by English churchmen in defence of monastic freedom from the eighth century onwards, creating an archival legacy which was rewritten and imitated in later centuries, becoming fixed in institutional memory as fiscal and legal freedoms bestowed on the populations of monasteries and towns by pre-Conquest kings.

Click here to read/download this article (PDF file)